保健知识丨Prevent Norovirus infection预防诺如病毒感染

诺如病毒是一组杯状病毒科的病毒(Human Calicivirus，HuCV)，以前也称之为“诺瓦克样病毒”（Norwalk Viruses，NV）。诺如病毒是急性肠胃炎最常见的病原体，每隔数年就会出现新变异株，病后无持久免疫力，极易出现反复感染或人一生中多次感染。

Norovirus is a group of viruses of the Calicivirus family (Human Calicivirus, HuCV), also known as “Norwalk Viruses (NV)”. Norovirus is the most common pathogen of acute gastroenteritis. New mutants will appear every few years. After the disease, there is no lasting immunity. It is prone to repeated infections or multiple infections in a person’s life.

粪、口 是主要传播方式，也可以通过污染的水源、食物、物品、空气等传播。

常见传播途径如下：

1、食用或饮用被诺如病毒污染的食物或水；

2、触摸被诺如病毒污染的物体或表面，然后将手指放入口中；

3、接触过诺如病毒感染患者，如照顾患者、与患者分享食物或共用餐具。

The fecal-oral route is the main method of transmission and can also be transmitted through contaminated water sources, food, air, etc.Common transmission routes are as follows:

1. Eat or drink food or water contaminated with Norovirus;

2. Touch the object or surface contaminated by Norovirus, and then put your finger in the mouth;

3. Contact with patients infected with Norovirus, such as caring for patients, sharing food with patients or sharing tableware.

感染后潜伏期多在24～48h，少数在18～72h。发病突然，主要症状为恶心、呕吐、腹痛和腹泻。儿童患者呕吐普遍，成人患者腹泻为多，为稀水便或水样便。

该病为自限性疾病，通常患者病程在48～72h，有的则更短。目前尚无特效的抗病毒药物，不需要使用抗菌素，预后良好。治疗主要是对症治疗或支持疗法。

The incubation period after infection is mostly 24-48h, and a few are 18-72h. Sudden onset, the main symptoms are nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Vomiting is common in children, and diarrhea is more common in adults, which is dilute or watery.

The disease is self-limiting and usually has a duration of 48 to 72 hours, and some are shorter. At present, there are no special antiviral drugs, no antibiotics are needed, and the prognosis is good. Treatment is mainly symptomatic treatment or supportive therapy.

To strengthen publicity and education focusing on the prevention of intestinal infectious diseases, advocate drinking boiled water, and refrain from eating raw half-life food, especially prohibiting raw food such as shellfish. Wash raw melons and fruits, wash hands before and after meals, develop good hygiene habits, wash your hands with hand sanitizer or hand disinfectant, and continue to rinse for at least 30 seconds.

Also focus on strengthening drinking water and keeping good food hygiene. Food processors should pay strict attention to personal hygiene. Isolate immediately after the onset of illness. Children infected with Norovirus are isolated until 3 days after the symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea disappear.

加强以预防肠道传染病为重点的宣传教育，提倡喝开水，不吃生的半生的食物，尤其是禁止生食贝类等水产品，生吃瓜果要洗净，饭前便后要洗手、养成良好的卫生习惯，用洗手液或手消毒液洗手，持续作用至少30秒后冲洗干净。

加强饮水、饮食卫生，食物加工者要严格注意个人卫生，一旦发病立即隔离，诺如病毒感染患儿隔离到呕吐、腹泻等症状消失后3天。

Disinfect the patient’s vomit and contaminated items, air, drinking water, toilets, etc. at any time. Clean and disinfect surfaces contaminated by patients’ vomit or feces with chlorine-containing bleach or other effective disinfectants in a timely manner, immediately take off and wash contaminated clothing or bed sheets, etc. Wear rubber or disposable gloves and masks when cleaning, and wash your hands carefully after cleaning as well.

对病人的吐泻物和污染过的物品、空气、饮用水、厕所等进行随时消毒。及时用含氯漂白剂或其他有效消毒剂清洗消毒被患者呕吐物或粪便污染的表面，立即脱掉和清洗被污染的衣物或床单等，清洁时应戴上橡胶或一次性手套以及口罩，并在清洗后认真洗手。

Schools should pay attention to opening windows to ventilate, and do daily cleaning and disinfection of frequently touched parts such as door handles, faucets, surfaces, switches, staircase handrails, etc., and focus on cleaning and disinfection of toilets. The ground should be moistened and swept. Mops in corridors should be used separately, soak, disinfect, clean and dry after use.

学校应注意开窗通风，日常做好门把手、水龙头、物表、开关、楼梯扶手等常触摸部位的清洁和消毒，重点做好卫生间的清洁和消毒工作，地面要湿式拖扫，厕所、教室、走廊等处的拖布要分用，用后浸泡消毒、清洗并凉干。