学习品质(Approaches to Learning)统指儿童应对学习任务和学习情境时的态度、习惯、倾向、偏好和风格。目前,不同的政策文件和研究中对学习品质内涵的界定略有侧重,但比较高频出现的有主动性/动机、专注、坚持、好奇/兴趣等。学习品质之所以逐渐受到教育政策制定者、早期教育研究者以及幼教工作者的重视,是因为其在促进儿童学业和预测其长期发展中扮演了非常重要的角色。〔1〕
已有一些研究探索了家庭环境在幼儿学习品质发展中扮演的角色,〔2,3〕但存在以下局限。第一,以往研究对干扰变量控制不够,大多研究只控制幼儿性别、年龄,部分研究控制家庭社会经济地位,但很少有研究控制幼儿的先天气质。如果干扰变量控制不充分,家庭环境对幼儿学习品质的影响会被夸大。第二,以往研究多以家庭主要照料者为分析对象,较少区分父亲和母亲的影响。然而,研究表明父亲和母亲在幼儿成长中产生的影响存在差异。〔4〕在研究中区分父亲和母亲的影响,可以更好地还原家庭环境对幼儿学习品质发展的影响路径。因此,本研究在控制幼儿年龄、性别、家庭社会经济地位以及幼儿气质的情况下,分别分析家庭中父亲和母亲对幼儿学习品质发展的影响。
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